Sushi lovers around the world crave the rich, meaty flavor and firm texture of tuna. Whether you’re a seasoned sushi connoisseur or just starting to explore the world of raw fish, tuna is an essential component of the sushi experience. But have you ever wondered what makes bluefin tuna so highly prized, or how yellowfin and bigeye tuna compare in terms of taste and quality? In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the world of tuna in sushi, exploring the different types, their unique characteristics, and how to prepare them for the perfect sushi experience. From the health benefits of eating tuna to the sustainability concerns surrounding the industry, we’ll cover it all. By the end of this article, you’ll be equipped with the knowledge and skills to navigate the world of tuna in sushi like a pro.
The journey to creating the perfect sushi experience begins with understanding the different types of tuna. Bluefin, yellowfin, bigeye, and albacore are the most common varieties used in sushi, each with its own unique flavor profile and texture. Bluefin tuna, for example, is renowned for its rich, buttery flavor and firm texture, making it a favorite among sushi chefs and connoisseurs. Yellowfin and bigeye tuna, on the other hand, offer a slightly sweeter and softer texture, while albacore tuna is prized for its mild flavor and firm texture.
As we explore the world of tuna in sushi, we’ll also examine the best ways to prepare tuna for sushi, from freezing and thawing to cutting and handling. We’ll discuss the health benefits of eating tuna, including its high protein content and rich stores of omega-3 fatty acids. And, we’ll tackle the important issue of sustainability, exploring the impact of the tuna industry on the environment and what you can do to make a positive difference.
Whether you’re a sushi lover, a chef, or simply a food enthusiast, this guide is designed to provide you with the knowledge and inspiration to create unforgettable sushi experiences. So, let’s dive in and discover the secrets of tuna in sushi.
You’ll learn how to identify the freshest tuna, how to store it at home, and how to prepare it for the perfect sushi experience. You’ll discover the unique characteristics of each tuna variety and how to pair them with other ingredients to create stunning sushi dishes. And, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of the tuna industry and how to make sustainable choices that support the environment and the people involved in the industry.
So, let’s get started on this journey into the world of tuna in sushi. With this guide, you’ll be well on your way to becoming a tuna expert and creating sushi experiences that will leave a lasting impression on you and your loved ones.
In the following sections, we’ll explore the different types of tuna in more detail, discussing their unique characteristics, flavor profiles, and textures. We’ll examine the best ways to prepare tuna for sushi, from freezing and thawing to cutting and handling. And, we’ll discuss the health benefits of eating tuna, including its high protein content and rich stores of omega-3 fatty acids.
The world of tuna in sushi is complex and fascinating, with many different factors to consider. From the type of tuna to the way it’s prepared, every detail matters when it comes to creating the perfect sushi experience. In this guide, we’ll provide you with the knowledge and skills to navigate this complex world with confidence, so you can enjoy the perfect sushi experience every time.
Let’s start by exploring the different types of tuna used in sushi. Bluefin, yellowfin, bigeye, and albacore are the most common varieties, each with its own unique characteristics and flavor profile. Bluefin tuna, for example, is renowned for its rich, buttery flavor and firm texture, making it a favorite among sushi chefs and connoisseurs. Yellowfin and bigeye tuna, on the other hand, offer a slightly sweeter and softer texture, while albacore tuna is prized for its mild flavor and firm texture.
As we explore the world of tuna in sushi, we’ll also examine the best ways to prepare tuna for sushi, from freezing and thawing to cutting and handling. We’ll discuss the health benefits of eating tuna, including its high protein content and rich stores of omega-3 fatty acids. And, we’ll tackle the important issue of sustainability, exploring the impact of the tuna industry on the environment and what you can do to make a positive difference.
In the next section, we’ll delve deeper into the world of tuna in sushi, exploring the unique characteristics of each tuna variety and how to prepare them for the perfect sushi experience.
🔑 Key Takeaways
- Bluefin tuna is the most prized variety due to its rich, buttery flavor and firm texture
- Yellowfin and bigeye tuna offer a slightly sweeter and softer texture, while albacore tuna is prized for its mild flavor and firm texture
- Freezing and thawing tuna properly is crucial to preserving its quality and safety
- Tuna is an excellent source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, making it a great addition to a healthy diet
- Sustainability is a major concern in the tuna industry, and consumers can make a positive impact by choosing eco-friendly options
- Proper handling and storage of tuna at home is essential to maintaining its quality and freshness
- With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create stunning sushi dishes at home using tuna
The Different Types of Tuna
Bluefin tuna is the most prized variety due to its rich, buttery flavor and firm texture. It’s also the most expensive, due to its limited supply and high demand. Yellowfin and bigeye tuna, on the other hand, offer a slightly sweeter and softer texture, making them a great option for those who prefer a milder flavor. Albacore tuna is prized for its mild flavor and firm texture, making it a great option for those who prefer a lighter taste.
The unique characteristics of each tuna variety make them well-suited to different types of sushi dishes. Bluefin tuna, for example, is often used in high-end sushi restaurants for its rich, indulgent flavor. Yellowfin and bigeye tuna, on the other hand, are often used in more casual sushi dishes, such as rolls and sashimi. Albacore tuna is often used in salads and other dishes where a lighter flavor is desired.
When it comes to preparing tuna for sushi, it’s essential to handle it properly to preserve its quality and safety. This includes freezing and thawing the tuna correctly, as well as cutting and handling it with care. The best way to freeze tuna is to wrap it tightly in plastic wrap or aluminum foil and store it in the freezer at 0°F (-18°C) or below. When thawing, it’s essential to do so slowly and safely, either in the refrigerator or in cold water.
In addition to proper handling and storage, it’s also essential to choose the freshest tuna possible. Fresh tuna should have a rich, meaty smell and a firm, springy texture. It should also be free of any visible signs of spoilage, such as sliminess or discoloration.
Tuna is an excellent source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, making it a great addition to a healthy diet. It’s also low in calories and rich in vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D and selenium. However, it’s essential to consume tuna in moderation, as it can contain high levels of mercury and other pollutants.
Sustainability is a major concern in the tuna industry, and consumers can make a positive impact by choosing eco-friendly options. This includes choosing tuna that’s been caught using sustainable methods, such as pole-and-line fishing, and avoiding tuna that’s been caught using destructive methods, such as longlining. It’s also essential to support companies that prioritize sustainability and eco-friendliness in their operations.
Proper handling and storage of tuna at home is essential to maintaining its quality and freshness. This includes storing it in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, and using it within a day or two of purchase. It’s also essential to handle the tuna gently and avoid exposing it to air, heat, or light, which can cause it to spoil quickly.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create stunning sushi dishes at home using tuna. This includes learning how to handle and prepare the tuna, as well as how to combine it with other ingredients to create delicious and visually appealing dishes. Whether you’re a seasoned sushi lover or just starting to explore the world of raw fish, tuna is an excellent choice for creating unforgettable sushi experiences.
Preparing Tuna for Sushi
Preparing tuna for sushi requires a combination of skill, patience, and attention to detail. The first step is to freeze the tuna to a temperature of -4°F (-20°C) or below, which helps to kill any parasites and preserve the quality of the fish. Once frozen, the tuna can be thawed slowly and safely, either in the refrigerator or in cold water.
The next step is to cut the tuna into thin slices, using a sharp knife and a gentle touch. It’s essential to cut the tuna against the grain, which helps to preserve its texture and prevent it from becoming tough or chewy. The slices should be cut to a uniform thickness, which helps to ensure that they cook evenly and consistently.
Once the tuna is cut, it can be handled and stored in a variety of ways, depending on the desired outcome. For example, it can be stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, where it will keep for several days. It can also be frozen again, where it will keep for several months.
In addition to proper handling and storage, it’s also essential to choose the freshest tuna possible. Fresh tuna should have a rich, meaty smell and a firm, springy texture. It should also be free of any visible signs of spoilage, such as sliminess or discoloration.
Tuna is an excellent source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, making it a great addition to a healthy diet. It’s also low in calories and rich in vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D and selenium. However, it’s essential to consume tuna in moderation, as it can contain high levels of mercury and other pollutants.
Sustainability is a major concern in the tuna industry, and consumers can make a positive impact by choosing eco-friendly options. This includes choosing tuna that’s been caught using sustainable methods, such as pole-and-line fishing, and avoiding tuna that’s been caught using destructive methods, such as longlining. It’s also essential to support companies that prioritize sustainability and eco-friendliness in their operations.
Proper handling and storage of tuna at home is essential to maintaining its quality and freshness. This includes storing it in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, and using it within a day or two of purchase. It’s also essential to handle the tuna gently and avoid exposing it to air, heat, or light, which can cause it to spoil quickly.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create stunning sushi dishes at home using tuna. This includes learning how to handle and prepare the tuna, as well as how to combine it with other ingredients to create delicious and visually appealing dishes. Whether you’re a seasoned sushi lover or just starting to explore the world of raw fish, tuna is an excellent choice for creating unforgettable sushi experiences.
The key to preparing tuna for sushi is to handle it gently and with care, avoiding any actions that can cause it to spoil or become damaged. This includes avoiding exposure to air, heat, or light, which can cause the tuna to become discolored or develop off-flavors. It’s also essential to store the tuna in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, where it will keep for several days.
In addition to proper handling and storage, it’s also essential to choose the freshest tuna possible. Fresh tuna should have a rich, meaty smell and a firm, springy texture. It should also be free of any visible signs of spoilage, such as sliminess or discoloration.
Tuna is an excellent source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, making it a great addition to a healthy diet. It’s also low in calories and rich in vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D and selenium. However, it’s essential to consume tuna in moderation, as it can contain high levels of mercury and other pollutants.
Sustainability is a major concern in the tuna industry, and consumers can make a positive impact by choosing eco-friendly options. This includes choosing tuna that’s been caught using sustainable methods, such as pole-and-line fishing, and avoiding tuna that’s been caught using destructive methods, such as longlining. It’s also essential to support companies that prioritize sustainability and eco-friendliness in their operations.
Proper handling and storage of tuna at home is essential to maintaining its quality and freshness. This includes storing it in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, and using it within a day or two of purchase. It’s also essential to handle the tuna gently and avoid exposing it to air, heat, or light, which can cause it to spoil quickly.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create stunning sushi dishes at home using tuna. This includes learning how to handle and prepare the tuna, as well as how to combine it with other ingredients to create delicious and visually appealing dishes. Whether you’re a seasoned sushi lover or just starting to explore the world of raw fish, tuna is an excellent choice for creating unforgettable sushi experiences.
The Health Benefits of Eating Tuna
Tuna is an excellent source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, making it a great addition to a healthy diet. It’s also low in calories and rich in vitamins and minerals, including vitamin D and selenium. However, it’s essential to consume tuna in moderation, as it can contain high levels of mercury and other pollutants.
The health benefits of eating tuna are numerous and well-documented. Tuna is an excellent source of protein, which is essential for building and repairing muscles, organs, and tissues in the body. It’s also rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve heart health.
In addition to its high protein and omega-3 content, tuna is also low in calories and rich in vitamins and minerals. It’s an excellent source of vitamin D, which is essential for maintaining strong bones and immune function. It’s also a good source of selenium, which is an antioxidant that helps to protect cells from damage.
However, it’s essential to consume tuna in moderation, as it can contain high levels of mercury and other pollutants. Mercury is a toxic substance that can cause a range of health problems, including neurological damage and birth defects. It’s especially important for pregnant women and young children to avoid eating tuna that’s high in mercury.
To minimize the risks associated with eating tuna, it’s essential to choose tuna that’s been caught using sustainable methods and that’s low in mercury. This includes choosing tuna that’s been certified by organizations such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) or the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). It’s also essential to vary your diet and avoid eating tuna too frequently.
In addition to choosing sustainable and low-mercury tuna, it’s also essential to handle and store tuna properly to maintain its quality and safety. This includes storing it in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, and using it within a day or two of purchase. It’s also essential to handle the tuna gently and avoid exposing it to air, heat, or light, which can cause it to spoil quickly.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can enjoy the health benefits of eating tuna while minimizing the risks. This includes learning how to handle and prepare tuna, as well as how to choose sustainable and low-mercury options. Whether you’re a seasoned sushi lover or just starting to explore the world of raw fish, tuna is an excellent choice for creating healthy and delicious meals.
Sustainability and the Tuna Industry
Sustainability is a major concern in the tuna industry, and consumers can make a positive impact by choosing eco-friendly options. This includes choosing tuna that’s been caught using sustainable methods, such as pole-and-line fishing, and avoiding tuna that’s been caught using destructive methods, such as longlining.
The tuna industry is a complex and globalized system, with many different players and stakeholders involved. From fishermen and processors to distributors and retailers, each link in the chain has a critical role to play in ensuring the sustainability of the industry. However, the industry is also facing many challenges, including overfishing, bycatch, and habitat destruction.
Overfishing is a major concern in the tuna industry, as it can lead to the depletion of tuna populations and the degradation of marine ecosystems. Bycatch, which is the catching of non-target species, is also a significant problem, as it can lead to the deaths of thousands of marine animals each year. Habitat destruction, which is the destruction of marine habitats such as coral reefs and seaweed beds, is also a major concern, as it can lead to the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services.
To address these challenges, many organizations and companies are working to promote sustainability in the tuna industry. This includes the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), which is a non-profit organization that certifies sustainable seafood products. The MSC has developed a set of standards for sustainable fishing, which include requirements for minimizing bycatch, protecting habitats, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of fish populations.
In addition to the MSC, many companies are also working to promote sustainability in the tuna industry. This includes companies that are committed to sourcing their tuna from sustainable fisheries, as well as companies that are working to reduce their environmental impact through initiatives such as recycling and energy efficiency.
Consumers can also make a positive impact by choosing eco-friendly options and supporting companies that prioritize sustainability. This includes choosing tuna that’s been certified by the MSC or other organizations, as well as choosing companies that are committed to sustainability and eco-friendliness.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can make a positive impact on the sustainability of the tuna industry. This includes learning about the different types of tuna, how they’re caught, and how they’re processed. It also includes choosing sustainable and eco-friendly options, and supporting companies that prioritize sustainability and eco-friendliness.
Popular Sushi Dishes that Feature Tuna
Tuna is a popular ingredient in many sushi dishes, from classic rolls and sashimi to more modern and innovative creations. Some popular sushi dishes that feature tuna include the spicy tuna roll, the tuna nigiri, and the tuna sashimi.
The spicy tuna roll is a classic sushi dish that features tuna mixed with spicy mayo and rolled in rice and seaweed. It’s a popular dish in many sushi restaurants, and is often served with a side of wasabi and soy sauce. The tuna nigiri is another popular dish, which features a piece of tuna placed on top of a small ball of rice. It’s often served with a light drizzle of soy sauce and a sprinkle of sesame seeds.
Tuna sashimi is also a popular dish, which features thinly sliced tuna served with soy sauce, wasabi, and pickled ginger. It’s a great way to experience the rich, meaty flavor of tuna, and is often served as an appetizer or as part of a larger sushi meal.
In addition to these classic dishes, tuna is also featured in many more modern and innovative sushi creations. For example, some sushi restaurants offer a tuna tartare, which features raw tuna mixed with spices and herbs and served with toasted bread or crackers. Others offer a tuna poke bowl, which features raw tuna mixed with soy sauce, sesame oil, and other ingredients, and served over a bed of rice.
Tuna is also a popular ingredient in many sushi fusion dishes, which combine traditional sushi ingredients with non-traditional flavors and ingredients. For example, some sushi restaurants offer a tuna taco, which features tuna mixed with spices and herbs and served in a taco shell with salsa and avocado. Others offer a tuna burger, which features a patty of tuna mixed with spices and herbs, and served on a bun with lettuce and tomato.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create delicious and innovative sushi dishes that feature tuna. This includes learning about the different types of tuna, how they’re caught, and how they’re processed. It also includes experimenting with different flavors and ingredients, and finding new and creative ways to combine them.
Storing Tuna for Sushi at Home
Storing tuna for sushi at home requires careful attention to detail and a commitment to maintaining the highest standards of quality and safety. This includes storing the tuna in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, and using it within a day or two of purchase.
The first step in storing tuna for sushi at home is to choose the freshest tuna possible. Fresh tuna should have a rich, meaty smell and a firm, springy texture. It should also be free of any visible signs of spoilage, such as sliminess or discoloration.
Once you’ve chosen the freshest tuna possible, it’s essential to store it properly to maintain its quality and safety. This includes storing it in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, and using it within a day or two of purchase. It’s also essential to handle the tuna gently and avoid exposing it to air, heat, or light, which can cause it to spoil quickly.
In addition to proper storage and handling, it’s also essential to follow proper food safety guidelines when storing tuna for sushi at home. This includes washing your hands thoroughly before and after handling the tuna, and making sure that all utensils and surfaces are clean and sanitized.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can store tuna for sushi at home with confidence. This includes learning about the different types of tuna, how they’re caught, and how they’re processed. It also includes experimenting with different flavors and ingredients, and finding new and creative ways to combine them.
Alternative Options to Tuna for Sushi
While tuna is a popular ingredient in many sushi dishes, there are many alternative options that can be used in its place. Some popular alternatives include salmon, yellowtail, and mackerel.
Salmon is a popular ingredient in many sushi dishes, and is known for its rich, oily flavor and firm texture. It’s a great option for those who want to avoid tuna, but still want to enjoy the rich, meaty flavor of a fatty fish. Yellowtail is another popular alternative, which is known for its mild flavor and firm texture. It’s a great option for those who want to avoid the strong flavor of tuna, but still want to enjoy the rich, meaty flavor of a fatty fish.
Mackerel is also a popular alternative, which is known for its rich, oily flavor and firm texture. It’s a great option for those who want to avoid tuna, but still want to enjoy the rich, meaty flavor of a fatty fish. Other alternatives include sea bass, which is known for its mild flavor and firm texture, and swordfish, which is known for its rich, meaty flavor and firm texture.
In addition to these fish, there are also many other ingredients that can be used as alternatives to tuna in sushi dishes. For example, some sushi restaurants offer a vegan “tuna” made from plant-based ingredients such as tofu or tempeh. Others offer a gluten-free “tuna” made from ingredients such as shrimp or scallops.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create delicious and innovative sushi dishes using alternative ingredients. This includes learning about the different types of fish and ingredients, how they’re caught, and how they’re processed. It also includes experimenting with different flavors and ingredients, and finding new and creative ways to combine them.
Making Sushi at Home using Tuna
Making sushi at home using tuna is a fun and rewarding experience that can be enjoyed by anyone. With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create delicious and authentic sushi dishes using tuna.
The first step in making sushi at home using tuna is to choose the freshest tuna possible. Fresh tuna should have a rich, meaty smell and a firm, springy texture. It should also be free of any visible signs of spoilage, such as sliminess or discoloration.
Once you’ve chosen the freshest tuna possible, it’s essential to prepare it properly for sushi. This includes cutting it into thin slices, using a sharp knife and a gentle touch. It’s also essential to handle the tuna gently and avoid exposing it to air, heat, or light, which can cause it to spoil quickly.
In addition to preparing the tuna, it’s also essential to prepare the other ingredients for sushi. This includes cooking the rice, preparing the nori seaweed, and making the sushi vinegar. With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can create delicious and authentic sushi dishes using tuna.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can make sushi at home using tuna. This includes learning about the different types of tuna, how they’re caught, and how they’re processed. It also includes experimenting with different flavors and ingredients, and finding new and creative ways to combine them.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best way to thaw frozen tuna for sushi?
The best way to thaw frozen tuna for sushi is to thaw it slowly and safely, either in the refrigerator or in cold water. It’s essential to avoid thawing the tuna at room temperature, as this can cause it to spoil quickly.
To thaw the tuna in the refrigerator, simply place it in a covered container and refrigerate it at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below. The tuna will thaw slowly and safely, and can be used within a day or two of thawing.
To thaw the tuna in cold water, simply place it in a sealed bag and submerge it in cold water. The tuna will thaw quickly and safely, and can be used immediately.
It’s essential to handle the tuna gently and avoid exposing it to air, heat, or light, which can cause it to spoil quickly. With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can thaw frozen tuna for sushi with confidence.
How can I tell if the tuna I’ve purchased is fresh and suitable for sushi?
To determine if the tuna you’ve purchased is fresh and suitable for sushi, it’s essential to check its smell, texture, and appearance. Fresh tuna should have a rich, meaty smell and a firm, springy texture. It should also be free of any visible signs of spoilage, such as sliminess or discoloration.
If the tuna has a strong, fishy smell or a soft, mushy texture, it may be past its prime and not suitable for sushi. It’s also essential to check the packaging and labeling, and to look for any signs of damage or tampering.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can determine if the tuna they’ve purchased is fresh and suitable for sushi. This includes learning about the different types of tuna, how they’re caught, and how they’re processed. It also includes experimenting with different flavors and ingredients, and finding new and creative ways to combine them.
What are some common mistakes to avoid when making sushi at home using tuna?
When making sushi at home using tuna, there are several common mistakes to avoid. One of the most common mistakes is using low-quality or spoiled tuna, which can cause the sushi to taste bad and potentially make you sick.
Another common mistake is not handling the tuna properly, which can cause it to spoil quickly. This includes not storing it in the refrigerator at a temperature of 40°F (4°C) or below, and not using it within a day or two of purchase.
It’s also essential to avoid over-handling the tuna, which can cause it to become tough and chewy. This includes not cutting it too finely, and not pressing it too hard when shaping the sushi.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can avoid these common mistakes and make delicious and authentic sushi at home using tuna. This includes learning about the different types of tuna, how they’re caught, and how they’re processed. It also includes experimenting with different flavors and ingredients, and finding new and creative ways to combine them.
Can I use canned tuna for sushi?
While canned tuna can be a convenient and affordable option for making sushi, it’s not the best choice for several reasons. Canned tuna is often packed in oil or water, which can make it too soft and soggy for sushi. It’s also often lower in quality than fresh or frozen tuna, and may contain added preservatives or flavorings that can affect the taste and texture of the sushi.
In addition, canned tuna is often not suitable for sushi because it’s not fresh enough. Sushi-grade tuna is typically frozen to a temperature of -4°F (-20°C) or below to kill any parasites, and then thawed slowly and safely. Canned tuna, on the other hand, is often not frozen to the same temperature, and may contain parasites or other contaminants.
If you want to make sushi at home, it’s best to use fresh or frozen tuna that’s been properly handled and stored. This will ensure that your sushi is safe to eat and tastes its best.
How can I make sushi vinegar at home?
To make sushi vinegar at home, you’ll need a few simple ingredients, including rice vinegar, sugar, and salt. You can also add other ingredients, such as sake or mirin, to give the vinegar a richer and more complex flavor.
The first step in making sushi vinegar is to combine the rice vinegar, sugar, and salt in a small saucepan. Heat the mixture over low heat, stirring until the sugar and salt are dissolved.
Once the mixture has cooled, you can add the sake or mirin, if using. Stir the mixture well and let it sit for at least 30 minutes to allow the flavors to meld.
To use the sushi vinegar, simply mix it with cooked rice and let it sit for at least 30 minutes to allow the flavors to meld. You can then use the rice to make sushi, or store it in the refrigerator for later use.
With the right knowledge and skills, anyone can make delicious and authentic sushi vinegar at home. This includes learning about the different types of vinegar, how they’re made, and how they’re used in sushi. It also includes experimenting with different flavors and ingredients, and finding new and creative ways to combine them.